COMPONENT OF CONNECTIVITY

Application Programming Interface (API)

       

In computer programming, an application programming interface (API) is a set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software applications. An API expresses a software componentin terms of its operations, inputs, outputs, and underlying types. An API defines functionalities that are independent of their respective implementations, which allows definitions and implementations to vary without compromising each other. A good API makes it easier to develop a program by providing all the building blocks. A programmer then puts the blocks together.

Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)

         In computing, ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) is a standard programming language middleware API for accessing database management systems (DBMS). The designers of ODBC aimed to make it independent of database systems and operating systems. An application written using ODBC can be ported to other platforms, both on the client and server side, with few changes to the data access code.

Java Database Connectivity(JDBC)

         JDBC is a Java database connectivity technology (Java Standard Edition platform) from Oracle Corporation. This technology is an API for theJava programming language that defines how a client may access a database. It provides methods for querying and updating data in a database. JDBC is oriented towards relational databases. A JDBC-to-ODBC bridge enables connections to any ODBC-accessible data source in the JVM host environment.

Embedded SQL

         Embedded SQL is a method of combining the computing power of a programming language and the database manipulation capabilities of SQL. Embedded SQL statements are SQL statements written inline with the program source code of the host language. The embedded SQL statements are parsed by an embedded SQL preprocessor and replaced by host-languagecalls to a code library. The output from the preprocessor is then compiled by the host compiler. This allows programmers to embed SQL statements in programs written in any number of languages such as C/C++, COBOL and Fortran

ActiveX Data Objects(ADO)

          In computing, Microsoft's ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) comprises a set of Component Object Model (COM) objects for accessing data sources. A part of MDAC (Microsoft Data Access Components), it provides a middleware layer between programming languages and OLE DB (a means of accessing data stores, whether databases or not, in a uniform manner). ADO allows a developer to write programs that access data without knowing how the database is implemented; developers must be aware of the database for connection only. No knowledge of SQL is required to access a database when using ADO, although one can use ADO to execute SQL commands directly (with the disadvantage of introducing a dependency upon the type of database used).

OLE DB

          OLE DB (Object Linking and Embedding, Database, sometimes written as OLEDB or OLE-DB), an API designed by Microsoft, allows accessing data from a variety of sources in a uniform manner. The API provides a set of interfaces implemented using the Component Object Model (COM); it is otherwise unrelated to OLE. Microsoft originally intended OLE DB as a higher-level replacement for, and successor to, ODBC, extending its feature set to support a wider variety of non-relational databases, such as object databases and spreadsheets that do not necessarily implement SQL.

SQL/CLI

         The SQL/CLI, or Call-Level Interface, is an extension to the SQL standard is defined in SQL:1999 (based on CLI-95), but also available in later editions such as ISO/IEC 9075-3:2003. This extension defines common interfacing components (structures and procedures) that can be used to execute SQL statements from applications written in other programming languages. The SQL/CLI extension is defined in such a way that SQL statements and SQL/CLI procedure calls are treated as separate from the calling application's source code.

Remote Data Objects(RDO)

         Remote Data Objects (abbreviated RDO) is the name of an obsolete data access application programming interface primarily used in Microsoft Visual Basic applications on Windows 95 and later operating systems. This includes database connection, queries, stored procedures, result manipulation, and change commits. It allowed developers to create interfaces that can directly interact with Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) data sources on remote machines, without having to deal with the comparatively complex ODBC API

Benefits of Database Accessibility

• Enable accessibility between application and database management systems and between the databse management systems of different software provides by enabling
• Web readliness
• Client server connectivity
• Enhanced support of User Defined Function (UDF)
• Portables store procedures
• Integrated Developement Environment Support (IDE) support

Interoperability

Interoperability (pronounced IHN-tuhr-AHP-uhr-uh-BIHL-ih-tee) is the ability of a system or a product to work with other systems or products without special effort on the part of the customer. Interoperability becomes a quality of increasing importance for information technology products as the concept that "The network is the computer" becomes a reality. For this reason, the term is widely used in product marketing descriptions.
Products achieve interoperability with other products using either or both of two approaches:

• By adhering to published interface standards
• By making use of a "broker" of services that can convert one product's interface into another product's interface "on the fly"

A good example of the first approach is the set of standards that have been developed for the World Wide Web. These standards include TCP/IP, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and HTML. The second kind of interoperability approach is exemplified by the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) and its Object Request Broker (ORB).
Compatibility is a related term. A product is compatible with a standard but interoperable with other products that meet the same standard (or achieve interoperability through a broker).

COMPONENTS

à DRDA

- Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA) is a database interoperability standard from The Open Group.

- DRDA describes the architecture for distributed relational databases. It defines the rules for accessing the distributed data, but it does not provide the actual application programming interfaces (APIs) to perform the access. It was first used in DB2 2.3.

- DRDA was designed by a work group within IBM in the period 1988 to 1994. The messages, protocols, and structural components of DRDA are defined by the IBM Distributed Data Management Architecture.

à RDA

- Remote database access (RDA) is a protocol standard for database access.

- RDA describes the connection of a database client to a database server. It includes features for

communicating database operations and parameters from the client to the server,

in return, transporting result data from the server to the client,

database transaction management.

exchange of information.

- RDA is an application-level protocol, inasmuch that it builds on an existing network connection between client and server. In the case of TCP/IP connections, RFC 1066 is used for implementing RDA.

à SOAP

- SOAP, originally an acronym for Simple Object Access protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of web services in computer networks. It uses XML Information Set for its message format, and relies on other application layer protocols, most notably Hypertext Transfer Protocol (H)

Database Interface

Working Principle of a Database Interface

Working Principle of a Database Interface

The application poses with the help of SQL, a query language, a query to the database system. There, the corresponding answer (result set) is prepared and also with the help of SQL given back to the application. This communication can take place interactively or be embedded into another language.

Type and Use of the Database Interface

Following, two important uses of a database interface like SQL are listed:

Interactive

SQL can be used interactively from a terminal.

Embedded

SQL can be embedded into another language (host language) which might be used to create a database application

User Interfaces

A user interface is the view of a database interface that is seen by the user. User interfaces are often graphical or at least partly graphical (GUI - graphical user interface) constructed and offer tools which make the interaction with the database easier.

Form-based Interfaces

This interface consist of forms which are adapted to the user. He/She can fill in all of the fields and make new entries to the database or only some of the fields to query the other ones. But some operations might be restricted by the application. Form-based user interfaces are wide spread and are a very important means of interacting with a DBMS. They are easy to use and have the advantage that the user does not need special knowledge about database languages like SQL.

Example of a Form-based User Interface

Text-based Interfaces

To be able to administrate the database or for other professional users there are possibilities to communicate with the DBMS directly in the query language (in code form) via a input/output window. We will see this possibility later in the lesson Structured Query Language SQL. Text-based interfaces are very powerful tools and allow a comprehensive interaction with a DBMS. However, the use of these is based on active knowledge of the respective database language.

Example of a Text-base User Interface

GIS Interface

A GIS user interface often integrates features of a database interface. The database interaction takes place through the combination of different interfaces: Graphical interaction via a selection on the map Combination of form-based and text-based interaction (e.g. special Query-Wizards for the easier creation of database queries)

Example of a GIS Interface (GeoMedia, Intergraph) 

Example of a Query-Wizard within a GIS 

INTERFACE

DEFINITION

- Capalibilities that provide systems capacity to support the variousapplication environment being develop upon the database.

COMPONENTS

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

- is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format which is bothhuman-readable and machine-readable. It is defined by the W3C's XML 1.0 Specification and by several other related specifications, all of which are free open standards.

Universal Description, Discovery and Integration UDDI

 - is a platform-independent, Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based registry by which businesses worldwide can list themselves on the Internet, and a mechanism to register and locate web service applications. UDDI is an open industry initiative, sponsored by the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS), for enabling businesses to publish service listings and discover each other, and to define how the services or software applications interact over the Internet.

 WSDL

- WSDL is an XML format for describing network services as a set of endpoints operating on messages containing either document-oriented or procedure-oriented information. The operations and messages are described abstractly, and then bound to a concrete network protocol and message format to define an endpoint.

J2EE

- Java Platform, Enterprise Edition or Java EE is Oracle's enterprise Java computing platform. The platform provides an API and runtime environment for developing and running enterprise software, including network and web services, and other large-scale, multi-tiered, scalable, reliable, and secure network applications. Java EE extends the Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE), providing an API for object-relational mapping, distributed and multi-tier architectures, and web services.

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CONNECTIVITY

DEFINITION

-The Requireds compenents that allow client connection into a database

COMPONENTS

 REMOVE DATA OBJECT (RDO)

- Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) provides a set of application programming interface (API) functions which make it easier for a developer to connect to a wide range of database formats. ODBC gives the developer a method of designing programs that are not specific to database format whether you are using Oracle, SQL Server, Access, or others. ODBC drivers are DLLs that contain the functions that let you connect to various databases. Each ODBC driver is separate for each database format. ODBC drivers take the code from a program and convert the functions to the specific database format being used. RDO (Remote Data Objects) is a thin layer of code that acts as an ODBC "wrapper", enabling the developer to invoke ODBC functionality using familiar object method and property syntax.à SQL CALLS LEVEL INTERFACE (SQL/CLI)

- The Call Level Interface (CLI) is an API and software standard that embeds SQL code in a host program as defined in ISO/IEC 9075-3:2003.The Call Level Interface defines how a program should send SQL queries to the database management system (DBMS) and how the returned recordsets should be handled by the application in a consistent way. Developed in the early 1990s, the API was defined only for the C and COBOL programming languages.

The most widespread use of the CLI standard is the basis of the ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) specification, which is widely used to allow applications to transparently access database systems from different vendors. The current version of the API, ODBC 3.52, incorporates features from both the ISO and X/Open standards. Examples of languages that support Call Level Interface are ANSI C, C#, VB.NET, Java, Pascal, and Fortran.

ACTIVEX DATA OBJECT (ADO)- In computing, Microsoft's ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) comprises a set of Component Object Model (COM) objects for accessing data sources. A part of MDAC (Microsoft Data Access Components), it provides a middleware layer between programming languages and OLE DB (a means of accessing data stores, whether databases or not, in a uniform manner). ADO allows a developer to write programs that access data without knowing how the database is implemented; developers must be aware of the database for connection only. No knowledge of SQL is required to access a database when using ADO, although one can use ADO to execute SQL commands directly (with the disadvantage of introducing a dependency upon the type of database used).

 OBJECT LINK EMBEDDDING FOR DATABASE (OLE DB)- OLE DB an API designed by Microsoft, allows accessing data from a variety of sources in a uniform manner. The API provides a set of interfaces implemented using the Component Object Model (COM); it is otherwise unrelated to OLE. Microsoft originally intended OLE DB as a higher-level replacement for, and successor to, ODBC, extending its feature set to support a wider variety of non-relational databases, such as object databases and spreadsheets that do not necessarily implement SQL.

à APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE (API)- In computer programming, an application programming interface (API) is a set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software applications. An API expresses a software component in terms of its operations, inputs, outputs, and underlying types. An API defines functionalities that are independent of their respective implementations, which allows definitions and implementations to vary without compromising each other.

In addition to accessing databases or computer hardware, such as hard disk drives or video cards, an API can ease the work of programming GUI components. For example, an API can facilitate integration of new features into existing applications (a so-called "plug-in API"). An API can also assist otherwise distinct applications with sharing data, which can help to integrate and enhance the functionalities of the applications.

OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC)- A standard database access method developed by the SQL Access group in 1992. The goal of ODBC is to make it possible to access any data from any application, regardless of which database management system (DBMS) is handling the data. ODBC manages this by inserting a middle layer, called a database driver , between an application and the DBMS. The purpose of this layer is to translate the application's data queries into commands that the DBMS understands. For this to work, both the application and the DBMS must be ODBC-compliant -- that is, the application must be capable of issuing ODBC commands and the DBMS must be capable of responding to them. Since version 2.0, the standard supports SAG SQL.

 JAVA DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (JDBC)

- JDBC is a Java database connectivity technology (Java Standard Edition platform) from Oracle Corporation. This technology is an API for the Java programming language that defines how a client may access a database. It provides methods for querying and updating data in a database. JDBC is oriented towards relational databases. A JDBC-to-ODBC bridge enables connections to any ODBC-accessible data source in the JVM host environment.

EMBEDED SQL FOR JAVA- SQLJ consists of a set of programming extensions that define interaction between SQL and Java. It comprises a set of clauses that extend Java programs to include static SQL constructs. An SQLJ translator is a utility that transforms those SQLJ clauses into standard Java code that accesses the database through a call interface. The output of an SQLJ translator is a generated Java source program that can then be compiled by any Java compiler. Java programs containing embedded SQL can be subjected to static analysis of SQL statments for the purposes of syntax checking, type checking and schema validation.

 ACTIVEX DATA OBJECT (ADO)- In computing, Microsoft's ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) comprises a set of Component Object Model (COM) objects for accessing data sources. A part of MDAC (Microsoft Data Access Components), it provides a middleware layer between programming languages and OLE DB (a means of accessing data stores, whether databases or not, in a uniform manner). ADO allows a developer to write programs that access data without knowing how the database is implemented; developers must be aware of the database for connection only. No knowledge of SQL is required to access a database when using ADO, although one can use ADO to execute SQL commands directly (with the disadvantage of introducing a dependency upon the type of database used).

   

DATABASE ACCESSIBILITY DEFINITION :

Database accessibility meaning of the ability to access information (data) stored and service by minimizing the barriers of distance and cost as well is the usability of the interfaces.

DATABASE ACCESSIBILITY COMPONENT :

    Connectivity

    Interoperability

    Interface

DATABASE

 Often abbreviated DB, a database is basically a collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data. You can think of a database as an electronic filing system.
Traditional databases are organized by fields, records, and files. A field is a single piece of information; a record is one complete set of fields; and a file is a collection of records. For example, a telephone book is analogous to a file. It contains a list of records, each of which consists of three fields: name, address, and telephone number.

An alternative concept in database design is known as Hypertext. In a Hypertext database, any object, whether it be a piece of text, a picture, or a film, can be linkedto any other object. Hypertext databases are particularly useful for organizing large amounts of disparate information, but they are not designed for numerical analysis.
To access information from a database, you need a database management system (DBMS). This is a collection of programs that enables you to enter, organize, and select data in a database.
(2) Increasingly, the term database is used as shorthand for database management system. There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes.