COMPONENT OF CONNECTIVITY
Application Programming Interface (API)
In computer programming, an application programming
interface (API) is a set of routines, protocols, and tools for building
software applications. An API expresses a software componentin terms of its
operations, inputs, outputs, and underlying types. An API defines
functionalities that are independent of their respective implementations, which
allows definitions and implementations to vary without compromising each other.
A good API makes it easier to develop a program by providing all the building
blocks. A programmer then puts the blocks together.
Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
In computing,
ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) is a standard programming language middleware
API for accessing database management systems (DBMS). The designers of ODBC
aimed to make it independent of database systems and operating systems. An
application written using ODBC can be ported to other platforms, both on the
client and server side, with few changes to the data access code.
Java Database Connectivity(JDBC)
JDBC is a
Java database connectivity technology (Java Standard Edition platform) from
Oracle Corporation. This technology is an API for theJava programming language
that defines how a client may access a database. It provides methods for
querying and updating data in a database. JDBC is oriented towards relational
databases. A JDBC-to-ODBC bridge enables connections to any ODBC-accessible
data source in the JVM host environment.
Embedded SQL
Embedded SQL
is a method of combining the computing power of a programming language and the
database manipulation capabilities of SQL. Embedded SQL statements are SQL
statements written inline with the program source code of the host language.
The embedded SQL statements are parsed by an embedded SQL preprocessor and
replaced by host-languagecalls to a code library. The output from the
preprocessor is then compiled by the host compiler. This allows programmers to
embed SQL statements in programs written in any number of languages such as
C/C++, COBOL and Fortran
ActiveX Data Objects(ADO)
In
computing, Microsoft's ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) comprises a set of Component
Object Model (COM) objects for accessing data sources. A part of MDAC
(Microsoft Data Access Components), it provides a middleware layer between
programming languages and OLE DB (a means of accessing data stores, whether
databases or not, in a uniform manner). ADO allows a developer to write
programs that access data without knowing how the database is implemented;
developers must be aware of the database for connection only. No knowledge of
SQL is required to access a database when using ADO, although one can use ADO
to execute SQL commands directly (with the disadvantage of introducing a
dependency upon the type of database used).
OLE DB
OLE DB
(Object Linking and Embedding, Database, sometimes written as OLEDB or OLE-DB),
an API designed by Microsoft, allows accessing data from a variety of sources
in a uniform manner. The API provides a set of interfaces implemented using the
Component Object Model (COM); it is otherwise unrelated to OLE. Microsoft
originally intended OLE DB as a higher-level replacement for, and successor to,
ODBC, extending its feature set to support a wider variety of non-relational
databases, such as object databases and spreadsheets that do not necessarily
implement SQL.
SQL/CLI
The SQL/CLI,
or Call-Level Interface, is an extension to the SQL standard is defined in
SQL:1999 (based on CLI-95), but also available in later editions such as
ISO/IEC 9075-3:2003. This extension defines common interfacing components
(structures and procedures) that can be used to execute SQL statements from
applications written in other programming languages. The SQL/CLI extension is
defined in such a way that SQL statements and SQL/CLI procedure calls are
treated as separate from the calling application's source code.
Remote Data Objects(RDO)
Remote Data
Objects (abbreviated RDO) is the name of an obsolete data access application
programming interface primarily used in Microsoft Visual Basic applications on
Windows 95 and later operating systems. This includes database connection,
queries, stored procedures, result manipulation, and change commits. It allowed
developers to create interfaces that can directly interact with Open Database
Connectivity (ODBC) data sources on remote machines, without having to deal
with the comparatively complex ODBC API
